Isaguliants, Maria and Bayurova, Ekaterina and Avdoshina, Darya and Kondrashova, Alla and Chiodi, Francesca and Palefsky, Joel (2021) Oncogenic Effects of HIV-1 Proteins, Mechanisms Behind. Cancers, 13 (2). p. 305. ISSN 2072-6694
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Abstract
People living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) are at increased risk of developing cancer, such as Kaposi sarcoma (KS), non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), cervical cancer, and other cancers associated with chronic viral infections. Traditionally, this is linked to HIV-1-induced immune suppression with depletion of CD4+ T-helper cells, exhaustion of lymphopoiesis and lymphocyte dysfunction. However, the long-term successful implementation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) with an early start did not preclude the oncological complications, implying that HIV-1 and its antigens are directly involved in carcinogenesis and may exert their effects on the background of restored immune system even when present at extremely low levels. Experimental data indicate that HIV-1 virions and single viral antigens can enter a wide variety of cells, including epithelial. This review is focused on the effects of five viral proteins: envelope protein gp120, accessory protein negative factor Nef, matrix protein p17, transactivator of transcription Tat and reverse transcriptase RT. Gp120, Nef, p17, Tat, and RT cause oxidative stress, can be released from HIV-1-infected cells and are oncogenic. All five are in a position to affect “innocent” bystander cells, specifically, to cause the propagation of (pre)existing malignant and malignant transformation of normal epithelial cells, giving grounds to the direct carcinogenic effects of HIV-1.
Item Type: | Article |
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Subjects: | Scholar Eprints > Medical Science |
Depositing User: | Managing Editor |
Date Deposited: | 06 Mar 2023 05:54 |
Last Modified: | 12 Sep 2024 05:05 |
URI: | http://repository.stmscientificarchives.com/id/eprint/777 |